PorterGeo New Search GoBack Geology References
Bushveld Complex - Overview of Teconics, Geology and Mineralisation
South Africa
Main commodities: PGE PGM Pd Pt Cr Ni Cu V Fe




The most recent source geological information used to prepare this description was dated: 2019.     Record last updated: 22/07/2019
This description is a summary from published sources, the chief of which are listed below.
© Copyright Porter GeoConsultancy Pty Ltd.   Unauthorised copying, reproduction, storage or dissemination prohibited.
    Selected References
Armitage P E B, McDonald I, Edwards S J, Manby G M  2002 - Platinum-group element mineralization in the Platreef and calc-silicate footwall at Sandsloot, Potgietersrus District, South Africa: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v111 ppB36-B45
Arndt N, Jenner G, Ohnenstetter M, Deloule E and Wilson A H  2005 - Trace elements in the Merensky Reef and adjacent norites Bushveld Complex South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 550-575
Bailie R H and Robb L J,  2004 - Polymetallic mineralization in the granites of the Bushveld Complex - examples from the central southeastern lobe : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v107 pp 633-652
Ballhaus C G  1988 - Potholes of the Merensky Reef at Brakspruit Shaft, Rustenburg Platinum Mines: Primary Disturbances in the Magnetite Stratigraphy: in    Econ. Geol.   v83, no.6 pp 1140-1158
Ballhaus C G  1988 - Potholes of the Merensky Reef at Brakspruit Shaft, Rustenburg Platinum mines: primary disturbances in the magmatic stratigraphy: in    Econ. Geol.   v83 pp 1140-1158
Barnes S-J and Maier W D  2002 - Platinum-group Elements and Microstructures of Normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex : in    J. of Petrology   v43 pp 103-128
Barnes S-J, D, Bedard L P and Maier W D,  2009 - Selenium and sulfur concentrations in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and implications for formation of the platinum-group element deposits: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.44 pp. 647-663
Barnes S-J, Maier W D and Curl E A,  2010 - Composition of the Marginal Rocks and Sills of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the Formation of the Platinum-Group Element Deposits: in    Econ. Geol.   v.105 pp. 1491-1511
Barnes, S.-J. and Maier, W.D.,  2002 - Platinum-group element distribution in the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in Cabri, L.J., (Ed.), 2002 The Geology, geochemistry mineralogy and mineral benefication of platinum-group elements, Canadian Institute of Mining Metallurgy and Petroleum,   Special Volume 54, pp. 483-506.
Barton J M, Cawthorn R G, White J A  1986 - The Role of Contamination in the Evolution of the Platreef of the Bushveld Complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v81 pp 1096-1104
Basson, I.J.,  2018 - Cumulative deformation and original geometry of the Bushveld Complex: in    Tectonophysics   v.750, pp. 177-202.
Boorman S L, McGuire J B, Boudreau A E, Kruger F J  2003 - Fluid overpressure in layered intrusions: formation of a breccia pipe in the Eastern Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v38 pp 356-369
Boorman S, Boudreau, A and Krugerm F J  2004 - The Lower Zone - Critical Zone Transition of the Bushveld Complex: a Quantitative Textural Study : in    J. of Petrology   v45 pp 1209-1235
Carr H W, Kruger F J,. Groves D I, Cawthorn R G  1999 - The petrogenesis of Merensky Reef potholes at the Western Platinum Mine, Bushveld Complex: Sr-isotopic evidence for synmagmatic deformation: in    Mineralium Deposita   v34 pp 335-347
Cawthorn G W,  2007 - Cr and Sr: Keys to parental magmas and processes in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Lithos   v95 pp 381-398
Cawthorn R G  1999 - Platinum-Group Elements Mineralization in the Bushveld Complex - A Critical Reassessment of Geochemical Models: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 268-281
Cawthorn R G  2005 - Contrasting sulphide contents of the Bushveld and Sudbury Igneous Complexes: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 1-12
Cawthorn R G  1999 - Permeability of the Footwall Cumulates to the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 293-302
Cawthorn R G and Boerst K,  2006 - Origin of the Pegmatitic Pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    J. of Petrology   v47 pp 1509-1530
Cawthorn R G,  1999 - The discovery of the platiniferous Merensky Reef in 1924: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102 pp 178-183
Cawthorn R G, Molyneux T G  1986 - Vanadifierous Magnetite Deposits of the Bushveld Complex: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (eds),  Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa Geol. Soc. of South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1251-1266
Clarke B M, Uken R, Watkeys M K and Reinhardt J,  2005 - Folding of the Rustenburg layered suite adjacent to the Steelpoort pericline: implications for syn-Bushveld tectonism in the eastern Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v108 pp 397-412
Coetzee J, Twist D  1989 - Disseminated Tin mineralization in the roof of the Bushveld granite pluton at the Zaaiplaats mine, with implications for the genesis of magmatic hydrothermal Tin systems: in    Econ. Geol.   v84 pp 1817-1834
Crocker I T  1986 - The Zaaiplaats Tinfield, Potgietersrus district: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (Eds.), 1986 Mineral Deposits of South Africa Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1287-1299
de Waal S A and Armstrong R A,  2000 - The age of the Marble Hall diorite, its relationship to the Uitkomst Complex, and evidence for a new magma type associated with the Bushveld igneous event : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v103 pp 128-140
du Plessis A and Kleywegt R J  1987 - A dipping sheet model for the mafic lobes of the Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v90 pp 1-6
Eales H V and Costin G,  2012 - Crustally Contaminated Komatiite: Primary Source of the Chromitites and Marginal, Lower, and Critical Zone Magmas in a Staging Chamber Beneath the Bushveld Complex : in    Econ. Geol.   v.107 p645-665
Eales H V,  2000 - Implications of the chromium budget of the Western Limb of the Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v103 pp 141-150
Eales H V, Cawthorn R G  1996 - The Bushveld Complex: in Cawthorn RG (ed),  Layered Intrusions: Elsevier, Amsterdam    pp 181-230
Ernst R.E., Liikane D.A., Jowitt S.M., Buchan K.L. and Blanchard, J.A.,  2019 - A new plumbing system framework for mantle plume-related continental Large Igneous Provinces and their mafic-ultramafic intrusions: in    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,   v.384, pp. 75-84. doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.07.007.
Farquhar J  1986 - The Western Platinum Mine: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (Eds.), 1986 Mineral Deposits of South Africa Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1135-1142
Gain S B  1985 - The geologic setting of the platiniferous UG-2 Chromitite layer on the farm Maandagshoek, eastern Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 925-943
Gain S B, Mostert A B  1982 - The Geological Setting of the Platinoid and Base Metal Sulfide Mineralization in the Platreef of the Bushveld Complex in Drenthe, North of Potgietersrus: in    Econ. Geol.   v77, no.6 pp 1395-1404
Godel B, Barnes S-J and Maier W D,   2006 - 3-D Distribution of Sulphide Minerals in the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa) and the J-M Reef (Stillwater Complex, USA) and their Relationship to Microstructures Using X-Ray Computed Tomography : in    J. of Petrology   v47 pp 1853-1872
Godel B, BarnesS-J and Maier W D,  2007 - Platinum-Group Elements in Sulphide Minerals, Platinum-Group Minerals, and Whole-Rocks of the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa): Implications for the Formation of the Reef : in    J. of Petrology   v48 pp 1569-1604
Harris C, Pronost J J M, Ashwal L D and Cawthorn R G,  2005 - Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex: Constraints on Crustal Contamination: in    J. of Petrology   v46 pp 579-601
Hattingh P J,  1986 - The palaeomagnetism of the Merensky Reef footwall rocks of the Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v89 pp 1-8
Hey P V  1999 - The Effects of Weathering on the UG2 Chromitite Reef of the Bushveld Complex, with Special Reference to the Platinum-Group Minerals: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 251-260
Hiemstra S A  1986 - The distribution of Chalcophile and Platinum-group elements in the UG-2 Chromitite layer of the Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v81 pp 1080-1086
Holwell D A and Jordaan A,  2006 - Three-dimensional mapping of the Platreef at the Zwartfontein South mine: implications for the timing of magmatic events in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v115 pp 41-48
Holwell D A and McDonald I,   2006 - Petrology, geochemistry and the mechanisms determining the distribution of platinum-group element and base metal sulphide mineralisation in the Platreef at Overysel, northern Bushveld Complex, South Africa : in    Mineralium Deposita   v41 pp 575-598
Holwell D A, Armitage P E B and McDonald I,  2005 - Observations on the relationship between the Platreef and its hangingwall: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v114 pp B199-207
Holwell D A, Boyce A J and McDonald I,  2007 - Sulfur Isotope Variations within the Platreef Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit: Genetic Implications for the Origin of Sulfide Mineralization: in    Econ. Geol.   v102 pp 1091-1110
Hulbert L J, Von Gruenewaldt G  1985 - Textural and compositional features of chromite in the lower and critical zones of the Bushveld complex south of Potgietersrus: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 872-895
Hutchinson D and McDonald I,  2008 - Laser ablation ICP-MS study of platinum-group elements in sulphides from the Platreef at Turfspruit, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.43 pp. 695-711
Hutchinson, D. and Kinnaird, J.A.,  2005 - Complex multistage genesis for the Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation in the southern region of the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v114 pp. B208-224.
Huthmann, F.M., Yudovskaya, M.A., Frei, D. and Kinnaird, J.A.,  2016 - Geochronological evidence for an extension of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa: in    Precambrian Research   v.280, pp. 61-75.
Junge, M., Oberthur, T., Kraemer, D., Melcher, F., Pina, R., Derrey, I.T., Manyeruke, T. and Strauss, H.,  2019 - Distribution of platinum-group elements in pristine and near-surface oxidized Platreef ore and the variation along strike, northern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.54, pp. 885-912.
Junge, M., Oberthur, T., Osbahr, I. and Gutte, P.,  2016 - Platinum-group elements and minerals in the lower and middle group chromitites of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.51, pp. 841-852.
Kaufmann, F.E.D., Hoffmann, M.C., Bachmann, K., Veksler, I.V., Trumbull, R.B. and Hecht, L.,  2019 - Variations in Composition, Texture, and Platinum Group Element Mineralization in the Lower Group and Middle Group Chromitites of the Northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Econ. Geol.   v.114, pp. 569-590.
Kingston G A, El-Dosuky B T  1982 - A Contribution on the Platinum-Group Mineralogy of the Merensky Reef at the Rustenburg Platinum Mine: in    Econ. Geol.   v77, no.6 pp 1367-1384
Kinnaird J A,  2005 - Geochemical evidence for multiphase emplacement in the southern Platreef: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v115 pp B225-242
Kinnaird J A, Hutchinson D, Schurmann L, Nex P A M and de Lange R  2005 - Petrology and mineralisation of the southern Platreef: northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 576-597
Kinnaird J A, Kruger F J, Nex P A M, Cawthorn R G  2002 - Chromitite formation - a key to understanding processes of platinum enrichment: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v111 B23-B35
Kinnaird, J.A., Yudovskaya, M.A, McCreesh, M., Huthmann, F. and Botha, T.J.,  2017 - The Waterberg Platinum Group Element Deposit: Atypical Mineralization in Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Econ. Geol.   v.112, pp. 1367-1394.
Klemm D D, Henckel J, Dehn R, Von Gruenewaldt G  1985 - The geochemistry of Titanomagnetite in Magnetite layers and their host rocks of the eastern Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 1075-1088
Kruger F J  2005 - Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and Ti-V-magnetitite deposits: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 451-472
Kruger F J,  1990 - The stratigraphy of the Bushveld Complex; a reappraisal and the relocation of the Main Zone boundaries : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v93 pp 376-381
Kruger F J, Marsh J S  1985 - The mineralogy, petrology, and origin of the Merensky cyclic unit in the western Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 958-974
Leeb-Du Toit A  1986 - The Impala Platinum mines: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (Eds.), 1986 Mineral Deposits of South Africa Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1091-1106
Li C, Maier W D, de Waal S A  2001 - The role of magma mixing in the genesis of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: thermodynamic calculations and new interpretations: in    Econ. Geol.   v96 pp 653-662
Li C, Ripley E M, Sarkar A, Shin D and Maier W D  2005 - Origin of phlogopite-orthopyroxene inclusions in chromites from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Contrib. to Mineralogy & Petrology   v150 pp 119-130
Li, Chusi, Ripley, E.M., Merino, E. and Maier, W.D.,  2004 - Replacements of Base Metal Sulfides by Actionolite, Epidote, Calcite, and Magnetite in the UG2 and Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Econ. Geol.   v99 pp 173-184
Lomberg K G, Martin E S, Patterson M A, Venter J E  1999 - The Morphology of Potholes in the UG2 Chromitite Layer and Merensky Reef (Pothole Reef Facies) at Union Section, Rustenburg Platinum Mines: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 209-220
Magson, J., Tredoux, M. and Roelofse, F.,  2018 - Association of platinum-group elements with chromitite within the Merensky reef, Western Limb, Bushveld Complex: Results of a high resolution mineralogical and geochemical study: in    J. of African Earth Sciences   v.144, pp. 161-175.
Maier W D and Barnes S-J,  2010 - The petrogenesis of platinum-group element reefs in the Upper Main Zone of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex on the farm Moorddrift, South Africa: in    Econ. Geol.   v.105 pp. 841-854
Maier W D, Barnes S-J and van der Merwe M J,  2001 - Platinum-group elements in the Pyroxenite Marker, Bushveld Complex: implications for the formation of the Main Zone : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v104 pp 301-308
Maier W D, de Klerk L, Blaine J, Manyeruke T, Barnes S-J, Stevens M V A and Mavrogenes J A,  2008 - Petrogenesis of contact-style PGE mineralization in the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex: comparison of data from the farms Rooipoort, Townlands, Drenthe and Nonnenwerth: in    Mineralium Deposita   v43 pp 255-280
Maier W D, Sliep J, Barnes S-J, de Waal S A and Li C,  2001 - PGE-bearing mafic-ultramafic sills in the floor of the eastern Bushveld Complex on the farms Blaauwboschkraal, Zwartkopje, and Waterval : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v104 pp 343-354
Maier, W D, and Barnes, S-J  2003 - Platinum-group elements in the Boulder Bed, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v38 pp 370-380
Maier, W.D. and Bowen, M.P.,  1996 - The UG2 Merensky Reef interval of the Bushveld Complex northwest of Pretoria: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.31, pp. 386 - 393.
Maier, W.D. and Mundl‑Petermeier, A.,  2023 - Controls on Pt/Pd ratios in Bushveld magmas and cumulates: a review complemented by new W isotope data: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.58, pp. 553-568. doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01141-z.
Maier, W.D., Karykowski, B.T. and Yang, S.-H.,  2016 - Formation of transgressive anorthosite seams in the Bushveld Complex via tectonically induced mobilisation of plagioclase-rich crystal mushes: in    Geoscience Frontiers   v.7, pp. 875-889.
Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J. and Duran, C.J.,  2021 - An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.56, pp. 179-204.
Manyeruke T D, Maier W D and Barnes S J,  2005 - Major and trace element geochemistry of the Platreef on the farm Townlands, northern Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v108 pp 381-396
Mathez E A and Kent A J R,  2007 - Variable initial Pb isotopic compositions of rocks associated with the UG2 chromitite, eastern Bushveld Complex: in    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta   v71 pp 5514-5527
Mathez E A and Mey J L  2005 - Character of the UG2 Chromitite and Host Rocks and Petrogenesis of Its Pegmatoidal Footwall, Northeastern Bushveld Complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v100 pp 1617-1630
McCarthy T S, Cawthorn R G, Wright C J, McIver J R  1985 - Mineral layering in the Bushveld complex: implications of Cr abundances in magnetite from closely spaced magnetite and intervening Silicate-rich layers: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 1062-1074
McDonald I and Holwell D A,  2007 - Did lower zone magma conduits store PGE-rich sulphides that were later supplied to the Platreef?: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v110 pp 611-616
McDonald, I, Harmer, R.E., Holwell, D.A., Hughes, H.S.R. and Boyce, A.J.,  2017 - Cu-Ni-PGE mineralisation at the Aurora Project and potential for a new PGE province in the Northern Bushveld Main Zone: in    Ore Geology Reviews   v.80, pp. 1135-1150.
McDonald. I., Holwell, D.A. and Armitage, P.E.B.,  2005 - Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Platreef and Critical Zone of the northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for Bushveld stratigraphy and the development of PGE mineralisation: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.40, pp. 526-549.
McNaughton N J, Pollard P J, Groves D I, Taylor R G  1993 - A long-lived hydrothermal system in Bushveld Granites at the Zaaiplaats Tin mine: Lead isotope evidence: in    Econ. Geol.   v88 pp 27-43
Mitchell A A and Manthree R,  2002 - The Giant Mottled Anorthosite: a transitional sequence at the top of the Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v105 pp 15-24
Mitchell A A and Scoon R N,  2007 - The Merensky Reef at Winnaarshoek, Eastern Bushveld Complex: A Primary Magmatic Hypothesis Based on a Wide Reef Facies: in    Econ. Geol.   v102 pp 971-1009
Mitchell A A,  1990 - The stratigraphy, petrography and mineralogy of the main zone of the northwestern Bushveld Complex: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v93 pp 818-831
Mondal S K and Mathez E A,  2007 - Origin of the UG2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex: in    J. of Petrology   v48 pp 495-510
Mungall, J.E., Jenkins, M.C., Robb, S.J., Yao, Z. and Brenan, J.M.,  2020 - Upgrading of magmatic sulfides, revisited: in    Econ. Geol.   v.115, pp. 1827-1833.
Naldrett A J, Gasparrini E C, Barnes S J, Von Gruenewaldt G, Sharpe M R  1986 - The upper critical zone of the Bushveld complex and the origin of Merensky-type ores: in    Econ. Geol.   v81 pp 1105-1117
Naldrett A J, Wilson A, Kinnaird J, Yudovskaya M and Chunnett G,  2012 - The origin of chromitites and related PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: new mineralogical and petrological constraints: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.47 pp. 209-232
Nex P A M,  2005 - The structural setting of mineralisation on the Tweefontein Hill, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v114 pp B243-251
Nex P A, Kinnaird J A, Ingle L J, van der Vyver B A and Cawthorn R G,  1998 - A new stratigraphy for the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex, in the Rustenburg area : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v101 pp 215-223
Oberthur, T.,Junge, M., Rudashevsky, N., de Meyer, E. and Gutter, P.,  2016 - Platinum-group minerals in the LG and MG chromitites of the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.51, pp. 71-87
Penberthy C J, Merkle R K W  1999 - Lateral Variations in the Platinum-Group Element Content and Mineralogy of the UG2 Chromitite Layer, Bushveld Complex: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 240-250
Pollard P J, Andrew A S, Taylor R G  1991 - Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for interaction between granites and magmatic hydrothermal fluids during the formation of disseminated and pipe-style mineralization at the Zaaiplaats Tin Mine: in    Econ. Geol.   v86 pp 121-141
Pollard P J, Taylor R G, Taylor R P, Groves D I  1991 - Petrographic and geochemical evolution of pervasively altered Bushveld granites at the Zaaiplaats Tin mine: in    Econ. Geol.   v86 pp 1401-1433
Porter T M,  2010 - Current Understanding of Iron Oxide Associated-Alkali Altered Mineralised Systems: Part II, A Review: in Porter T M, (Ed),  2010 Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, PGC Publishing, Adelaide   v.3 pp. 33-106
Prevec, S.A., Ashwal, L.D. and Mkaza, M.S.,  2005 - Mineral disequilibrium in the Merensky Reef, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: new Sm-Nd isotopic evidence: in    Contrib. to Mineralogy & Petrology   v.49, pp. 306-315.
Prichard H M, Barnes S-J, Maier W D, Fisher P C,  2004 - Variations in the nature of the platinum-group minerals in a cross-section through the Merensky Reef at Impala Platinum: implications for the mode of formation of the reef - **CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE**: in    The Canadian Mineralogist   v42 pp 423-437
Pronost, J., Harris, C. and Pin, C.,  2008 - Relationship between footwall composition, crustal contamination, and fluid-rock interaction in the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.43, pp. 825-848.
Reynolds I M  1985 - The nature and origin of Titaniferous Magnetite-rich layers in the upper zone of the Bushveld complex: a review and synthesis: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 1089-1108
Reynolds I M  1986 - The Mineralogy and Ore Petrography of the Bushveld Titaniferous Magnetite-Rich Lyers: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (eds),  Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa Geol. Soc. of South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1267-1286
Roberts M D, Reid D L, Miller J A, Basson I J, Roberts M and Smith D,   2007 - The Merensky Cyclic Unit and its impact on footwall cumulates below Normal and Regional Pothole reef types in the Western Bushveld Complex : in    Mineralium Deposita   v42 pp 271-292
Schurmann L W, Grabe P-J, Steenkamp C J  1998 - Chromium: in Wilson M G C, Anhaeusser C R, (eds),  The Mineral Resources of South Africa Council for Geoscience, Pretoria    pp 90-105
Schurmann L W, Marsh S  1998 - Vanadium: in Wilson M G C, Anhaeusser C R, (eds),  The Mineral Resources of South Africa Council for Geoscience, Pretoria    pp 659-665
Scoates J S and Friedman R M,  2008 - Precise Age Of The Platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, By The U-Pb Zircon Chemical Abrasion Id-Tims Technique : in    Econ. Geol.   v.103 pp. 465-471
Scoon R N and Mitchell A A,  2004 - The platiniferous dunite pipes in the eastern limb of the Bushveld Complex: Review and comparison with unmineralized discordant ultramafic bodies: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v107 pp 505-520
Seabrook C L, Cawthorn R G and Kruger F J,  2005 - The Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex: Mixing of Minerals Not Mixing of Magmas: in    Econ. Geol.   v100 pp 1191-1205
Sharman E R, Penniston-Dorland S C, Kinnaird J A, Nex P A M, Brown M and Wing B A,  2013 - Primary origin of marginal Ni-Cu-(PGE) mineralization in layered intrusions: Δ33S evidence from The Platreef, Bushveld, South Africa : in    Econ. Geol.   v.108 p. 365-377
Sharman-Harris E R, Kinnaird J A, Harris C and Horstmann U E,  2005 - A new look at sulphide mineralisation of the northern limb, Bushveld Complex: A stable isotope study: in    Trans. IMM (incorp. AusIMM Proc.), Section B, Appl. Earth Sc.   v114 pp B252-263
Smith D S and Basson I J,  2006 - Shape and distribution analysis of Merensky Reef potholing, Northam Platinum Mine, western Bushveld Complex: implications for pothole formation and growth: in    Mineralium Deposita   v41 pp 281-295
Smith, D.S., Basson, I.J. and Reid, D.L.,  2004 - Normal Reef subfacies of the Merensky Reef at Northam Platinum mine, Zwartklip Facies, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    The Canadian Mineralogist   v.42, pp. 243-260.
Smith, J.W., Holwell, D.A. and McDonald, I.,  2016 - Precious and base metal geochemistry and mineralogy of the Grasvally Norite-Pyroxenite-Anorthosite (GNPA) member, northern Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for a multistage emplacement: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.49, pp. 667-692.
Smith, J.W., Holwell, D.A., McDonald, I. and Boyce, A.J.,  2016 - The application of S isotopes and S/Se ratios in determining ore-forming processes of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: A cautionary case study from the northern Bushveld Complex: in    Ore Geology Reviews   v.73, pp. 148-174.
Smith, W.D., Maier, W.D., Muir, D.D., Andersen, J.C.O., Williams, B.J. and Henry, H.,  2023 - New perspectives on the formation of the Boulder Bed of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.58, pp. 617-638. doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01150-y.
Song, X., Wang, Y. and Chen, L.,  2011 - Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration: in    Geoscience Frontiers   v.2, pp. 375-384.
Tan, L., Jones, T., Xie, J., Liu, X. and Southam, G.,  2022 - Laboratory-Based Bacterial Weathering of the Merensky Reef and Its Impact on Platinum Group Mineral Migration: in    Econ. Geol.   v.117, pp. 801-812.
Tanner, D., McDonald, I., Harmer, R.E., Muir, D.D. and Hughes, H.S.R.,  2019 - A record of assimilation preserved by exotic minerals in the lowermost platinum-group element deposit of the Bushveld Complex: The Volspruit Sulphide Zone: in    Lithos   v.324-325, pp. 584-608.
Tegner C, Cawthorn R G and Kruger F J,   2006 - Cyclicity in the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Crystallization from a Zoned Magma Sheet : in    J. of Petrology   v47 pp 2257-2279
Teigler B  1999 - Chromite Chemistry and Platinum-Group Element Distribution of the LG6 Chromitite, Northwestern Bushveld Complex: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 282-285
Teigler B, Eales H V and Scoon R N,  1992 - The cumulate succession in the Critical Zone of the Rustenburg layered suite at Brits, western Bushveld Complex : in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v95 pp 17-28
Van der Merwe J and Cawthorn R G,  2005 - Structures at the base of the Upper Group 2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, on Karee Mine (Lonmin Platinum): in    Lithos   v83 pp 214-228
van der Merwe M J,  2008 - The geology and structure of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Potgietersrus/Mokopane area of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: in    Mineralium Deposita   v43 pp. 405-419
Vermaak C F, von Gruenewaldt G  1986 - Introduction to the Bushveld Complex: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (eds),  Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa Geol. Soc. of South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1021-1029
Viljoen M J  1999 - The Nature and Origin of the Merensky Reef of the Western Bushveld Complex Based on Geological Facies and Geophysical Data: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v102, no.3 pp 221-239
Viljoen M J, Hieber R W  1986 - The Rustenburg Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, with Reference to the Merensky Reef: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (eds),  Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa Geol. Soc. of South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1107-1134
Viljoen M J, Schurmann L W  1998 - Platinum-Group Metals: in Wilson M G C, Anhaeusser C R, (eds),  The Mineral Resources of South Africa Council for Geoscience, Pretoria    pp 532-568
Viring, R.G. and Cowell, M.W.,  1999 - The Merensky Reef on Northam Platinum Limited: in    S. Afr. J. Geol.   v.102, pp. 192-208.
Von Gruenewaldt G, Hatton C J, Merkle R K W  1986 - Platinum-group element-Chromitite associations in the Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v81 pp 1067-1079
Von Gruenewaldt G, Klemm D D, Henckel J, Dehm R M  1985 - Exsolution features in Titanomagnetites from massive Magnetite layers and their host rocks of the upper zone, eastern Bushveld complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v80 pp 1049-1061
Voordouw R J, Gutzmer J and Beukes N J,  2010 - Zoning of platinum group mineral assemblages in the UG2 chromitite determined through in situ SEM-EDS-based image analysis: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.45 pp. 147-159
White J A  1994 - The Potgietersrus Prospect - Geology and Exploration History: in   XVth CMMI Congress, Johannesburg SAIMM   v3 pp 173-181
Wilson A and Chunnett G,   2006 - Trace Element and Platinum Group Element Distributions and the Genesis of the Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa : in    J. of Petrology   v47 pp 2369-2403
Wilson A H, Lee C A, Brown R T  1999 - Geochemistry of the Merensky reef, Rustenburg Section, Bushveld Complex: controls on the silicate framework and distribution of trace elements: in    Mineralium Deposita   v34 pp 657-672
Worst B G  1986 - The Chromite Deposits at Kroondal Chrome Mine, Western Bushveld Complex: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (eds),  Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa Geol. Soc. of South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1209-1215
Worst B G  1986 - The chromite deposits at Kroondal chrome mine, western Bushveld Complex: in Anhaeusser C R, Maske S, (Eds.), 1986 Mineral Deposits of South Africa Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg   v2 pp 1209-1215
Yudovskaya M A, Kinnaird J A, Sobolev A V, Kuzmin D V, McDonald I and Wilson A H,   2013 - Petrogenesis of the Lower Zone Olivine-Rich Cumulates Beneath the Platreef and Their Correlation with Recognized Occurrences in the Bushveld Complex : in    Econ. Geol.   v.108 pp. 1923-1952
Yudovskaya, M., Belousova, E., Kinnaird, J., Dubinina, E., Grobler, D. and Pearson, N.,  2017 - Re-Os and S isotope evidence for the origin of Platreef mineralization (Bushveld Complex): in    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta   v.214, pp. 282-307.
Yudovskaya, M.A, Kinnaird, J.A., Grobler, D.F., Costin, G., Abramova, V.D., Dunnett, T. and Barnes, S.J.,   2017 - Zonation of Merensky-Style Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in Turfspruit Thick Reef Facies (Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex) : in    Econ. Geol.   v.112, pp. 1333-1365.
Yudovskaya, M.A., Costin, G., Sluzhenikin, S.F., Kinnaird, J.A., Ueckermann, H., Abramova, V.D. and Grobler, D.F.,  2021 - Hybrid norite and the fate of argillaceous to anhydritic shales assimilated by Bushveld melts: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.56, pp. 73-90.
Yudovskaya, M.A., Kinnaird, J., Costin, G., McCreesh, M., Shilovskikh, V., Kovalchuk, E. and Kuzmin, D.,  2022 - Formation of Spinel-Orthopyroxene Symplectites by Reactive Melt Flow: Examples from the Northern Bushveld Complex and Implications for Mineralization in Layered Intrusions: in    Econ. Geol.   v.117, pp. 1935-1960. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4938.
Zhou, H., Trumbull, R.B., Veksler, I.V. and Bachmann, K.,  2023 - The effects of iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite on the composition and mineralogy of the UG2 chromitite: a case study in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa.: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.58, pp. 1005-1021.


Porter GeoConsultancy Pty Ltd (PorterGeo) provides access to this database at no charge.   It is largely based on scientific papers and reports in the public domain, and was current when the sources consulted were published.   While PorterGeo endeavour to ensure the information was accurate at the time of compilation and subsequent updating, PorterGeo, its employees and servants:   i). do not warrant, or make any representation regarding the use, or results of the use of the information contained herein as to its correctness, accuracy, currency, or otherwise; and   ii). expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or conclusions contained herein.
Top     |     Search Again     |     PGC Home     |       Terms & Conditions