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Sudbury Complex - Frood, Stobie, Creighton, Strathcona, Fraser, Craig, Onaping, Murray, Vermillion, Blezard, Coleman, Copper Cliff, Garson, Totten, Victor, Morrison, McCreedy West, Levack, Podolsky, Victoria
Ontario, Canada
Main commodities: Ni Cu




The most recent source geological information used to prepare this description was dated: 2000.    
This description is a summary from published sources, the chief of which are listed below.
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Sudbury Complex

    Selected References
Ames D E, Davidson A and Wodicka N,  2008 - Geology of the Giant Sudbury Polymetallic Mining Camp, Ontario, Canada: in    Econ. Geol.   v.103 pp. 1057-1077
Ames D E, Golightly J P, Lightfoor P C, Gibson H L  2002 - Vitric compositions in the Onaping Formation and their relationship to the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Sudbury Structure : in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1541-1562
Bailey J, Lafrance B, McDonald A M, Fedorowich J S, Kamo S and Archibald D A  2004 - Mazatzal-Labradorian-age (1.7-1.6 Ga) ductile deformation of the South Range Sudbury impact structure at the Thayer Lindsley mine, Ontario: in    Can. J. Earth Sci.   v41 pp 1491-1505
Begg, G.C., Hronsky, J.A.M., Arndt, N.T., Griffin, W.L., O Reilly, S.Y. and Hayward, N.,  2010 - Lithospheric, Cratonic, and Geodynamic Setting of Ni-Cu-PGE Sulfide Deposits: in    Econ. Geol.   v.105, pp. 1057-1070.
Beswick A E  2002 - An analysis of compositional variations and spatial relations within Fe-Ni-Cu Sulfide deposits on the North Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1487-1508
Boast M and Spray J G,  2006 - Superimposition of a Thrust-Transfer Fault System on a Large Impact Structure: Implications for Ni-Cu-PGE Exploration at Sudbury: in    Econ. Geol.   v101 pp 1583-1594
Card K D, Gupta V K, McGrath P H,  1984 - The Sudbury Structure: Its Regional Geological and Geophysical Setting: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1 pp 25-43
Cawthorn R G  2005 - Contrasting sulphide contents of the Bushveld and Sudbury Igneous Complexes: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 1-12
Coats C J A, Snajdr P  1984 - Ore Deposits of the North Range, Onaping-Levack Area, Sudbury: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1 pp 327-346
Cochrane L B   1984 - Ore Deposits of the Copper Cliff Offset: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1 pp 347-359
Corfu F, Lightfoot P C  1996 - U-Pb geochronology of the sublayer environment, Sudbury igneous complex, Ontario: in    Econ. Geol.   v91 pp 1263-1269
Dare S A S, Barnes S-J, Prichard H M and Fisher P C,  2014 - Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Cu-Rich Ores from the McCreedy East Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit (Sudbury, Canada): Implications for the Behavior of Platinum Group and Chalcophile Elements at the End of Crystallization of a Sulfide Liquid : in    Econ. Geol.   v.109 pp. 343-366
Dare S A S, Barnes S-J, Prichard H M and Fisher P C,  2010 - The Timing and Formation of Platinum-Group Minerals from the Creighton Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide Deposit, Sudbury, Canada: Early Crystallization of PGE-Rich Sulfarsenides: in    Econ. Geol.   v.105 pp. 1071-1096
Davis, G.C.,  1984 - Little Stobie Mine: A South Range Contact Deposit: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds.),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure, Ontario Geological Survey    Spec. Vol. 1 pp. 361-369.
Dressler B O  1984 - The General Geology of the Sudbury Area: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1  pp 57-82
Farrow C E G, Watkinson D H,  1999 - An Evaluation of the Role of Fluids in Ni-Cu-PGE-Bearing, Mafic-Ultramafic Systems: in Keays R R, Lesher C M, Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G, (Eds),  Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application in Mineral Exploration Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes   v13 pp 31-67
Fedorowich J S, Parrish R R and Sager-Kinsman A,  2006 - U-Pb Dating of a Diabase Dike Resolves the Problem of Mutually Crosscutting Relationships within the Fraser-Strathcona Deep Copper Vein System, Sudbury Basin: in    Econ. Geol.   v101 pp 1595-1603
Giroux L A and Benn K,  2005 - Emplacement of the Whistle Dike, the Whistle Embayment and Hosted Sulfides, Sudbury Impact Structure, Based on Anisotropies of Magnetic Susceptibility and Magnetic Remanence: in    Econ. Geol.   v100 pp 1207-1227
Goodfellow, R., Consuegra, F.A., Dimitrakopoulos, R. and Lloyd, T.,  2012 - Quantifying multi-element and volumetric uncertainty, Coleman McCreedy deposit, Ontario, Canada: in    Computers and Geosciences   v.42, pp. 71-78.
Hanley J J and Bray C J,  2009 - The trace metal content of amphibole as a proximity indicator for Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in the footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in    Econ. Geol.   v104 pp 113-125
Hanley J J, Mungall J E  2003 - Chlorine enrichment and hydrous alteration of the Sudbury Breccia hosting footwall Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at the Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: in    The Canadian Mineralogist   v41 pp 857-881
Hanley J J, Mungall J E, Pettke T, Spooner E T C and Bray C J  2005 - Ore metal redistribution by hydrocarbon-brine and hydrocarbon-halide melt phases, North Range footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in    Mineralium Deposita   v40 pp 237-256
Huminicki, M.A.E., Sylvester, P.J., Cabri, L.J., Lesher, C.M. and Tubrett, M.,  2005 - Quantitative Mass Balance of Platinum Group Elements in the Kelly Lake Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit, Copper Cliff Offset, Sudbury: in    Econ. Geol.   v.100, pp. 1631-1646.
Keays R R, Lightfoot P C  1999 - The Role of Meteorite Impact, Source Rocks, Protores and Mafic Magmas in the Genesis of the Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Sulphide Ore Deposits: in Keays R R, Lesher C M, Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G, (Eds),  Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application in Mineral Exploration Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes   v13 pp 329-366
Klimczak C, Wittek A, Doman D and Riller U,  2007 - Fold origin of the NE-lobe of the Sudbury Basin, Canada: Evidence from heterogeneous fabric development in the Onaping Formation and the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in    J. of Structural Geology   v29 pp 1744-1756
Li C, Naldrett A J, Coats C J A, Johannessen P  1992 - Platinum, Palladium, Gold, and Copper-rich stringers at the Strathcona Mine, Sudbury: their enrichment by fractionation of a Sulfide liquid: in    Econ. Geol.   v87 pp 1584-1598
Lightfoot P C,  2007 - Advances in Ni-Cu-PGE Sulphide Deposit Models and Implications for Exploration Technologies: in Milkereit B, 2007 Proceedings of Exploration 07: Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences, Toronto, Canada,    pp. 629-646
Lightfoot P C, Farrow C E G  2002 - Geology, geochemistry and mineralogy of the Worthington Offset Dike: a genetic model for offset dike mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1419-1446
Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Doherty W  2001 - Chemical evolution and origin of Nickel Sulfide mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: in    Econ. Geol.   v96 pp 1855-1875
Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Morrison G G, Bite A, Farrell K P  1997 - Geochemical relationships in the Sudbury igneous complex: origin of the main mass and offset dikes: in    Econ. Geol.   v92 pp 289-307
Lightfoot P C, Keays R R, Morrison G G, Bite A, Farrell K P  1997 - Geologic and geochemical relationships between contact sublayer, inclusions and the main mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: a case study of the Whistle Mine embayment: in    Econ. Geol.   v92 pp 647-673
Magyarosi Z, Watkinson D H, Jones P C  2002 - Mineralogy of Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element Sulfide ore in the 800 and 810 orebodies, Copper Cliff South Mine, and P-T-X conditions during the formation of Platinum-Group minerals: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1471-1486
Mansur, E.T., Barnes, S.-J. and Duran, C.J.,  2021 - An overview of chalcophile element contents of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite from magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: in    Mineralium Deposita   v.56, pp. 179-204.
McCormick K A, Fedorowich J S, McDonald A M, James R S  2002 - A textural mineralogical and statistical study of the footwall breccia within the Strathcona embayment of the Sudbury structure: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 125-143
McCormick K A, Lesher C M, McDonald A M, Fedorowich J S, James R S  2002 - Chlorine and Alkali geochemical halos in the footwall breccia and sublayer Norite at the margin of the Strathcona Embayment, Sudbury structure, Ontario: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1509-1519
McNamara, G.S., Lesher, C.M. and Kamber, B.S.,  2017 - New Feldspar Lead Isotope and Trace Element Evidence from the Sudbury Igneous Complex Indicate a Complex Origin of Associated Ni-Cu-PGE Mineralization Involving Underlying Country Rocks: in    Econ. Geol.   v.112, pp. 569-590.
Molnar F, Watkinson D H, Jones P C  2001 - Mutiple hydrothermal processes in footwall units of the North Range, Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada and implications for the genesis of vein-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: in    Econ. Geol.   v96 pp 1645-1670
Molnar F, Watkinson D H, Jones P C, Gatter I  1997 - Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal enrichment of magmatic ore at the contact zone of the Ni-Cu-Platinum-Group Element 4b Deposit, Lindsley Mine, Sudbury, Canada: in    Econ. Geol.   v92 pp 674-685
Moore C M, Nikolic S  1994 - The Craig Deposit, Sudbury, Ontario: in Lightfoot P C, Naldrett A j (Eds),  Proceedings of the Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 5 pp 77-90
Morrison G G, Jago B C, White T L  1994 - Footwall Mineralisation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Lightfoot P C, Naldrett A j (Eds),  Proceedings of the Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 5 pp 57-64
Mukwakwami J, Lesher C M and Lafrance B,  2014 - Geochemistry of Deformed and Hydrothermally Mobilized Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE Ores at the Garson Mine, Sudbury : in    Econ. Geol.   v.109 pp. 367-386
Mungall J E  2002 - Late-stage Sulfide liquid mobility in the main mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: examples from the Victor Deep, McCreedy East, and Trillabelle deposits: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1563-1576
Mungall J E,  2007 - Crystallization of magmatic sulfides: An empirical model and application to Sudbury ores: in    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta   v71 pp 2809-2819
Murphy A J, Spray J G  2002 - Geology, mineralization and emplacement of the Whistle-Parkin Offset Dike, Sudbury: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1399-1418
Naldrett A J, Asif M, Schandl E, Searcy T  1999 - Platinum-group elements in the Sudbury ores: significance with respect to the origin of different ore zones and to the exploration for footwall orebodies: in    Econ. Geol.   v94 pp 185-210
Naldrett A J, Bray J G, Gasparrini T and Rucklidge J C,  1970 - Cryptic variation and the petrology of the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive: in    Econ. Geol.   v65 pp 122-155
Naldrett A J, Hewins R H  1984 - The Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),  The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1 pp 235-251
Naldrett A J, Hewins R H, Dressler B O,  1984 - The Contact Sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in Pye E G, Naldrett A J, Giblin P E (Eds),   The Geology & Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure Ontario Geological Survey   Spec. Vol. 1 pp 253-274
Naldrett, A.J., Pessaran, R., Asif, M. and Li, C.,  1994 - Compositional Variation in the Sudbury Ores and Prediction of the Proximity of Footwall Copper-PGE Orebodies: in Naldrett, A.J., Lightfoot, P.C. and Sheahan, P, (Eds.),  The Sudbury - Norilsk Symposium, Ontario Geological Survey    Special Vol. 5, pp. 133-143.
Pentek A, Molnar F, Tuba G, Watkinson D H and Jones P C,  2013 - The Significance of Partial Melting Processes in Hydrothermal Low Sulfide Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization Within the Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada : in    Econ. Geol.   v.108 pp. 59-78
Prevec S A, Cowan D R and Cooper G R J  2005 - Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada: in    Can. J. Earth Sci.   v42 pp 1-9
Rousell D H, Fedorowich J S, Dressler B O  2003 - Sudbury Breccia (Canada): a product of the 1850 Ma Sudbury Event and host to footwall Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: in    Earth Science Reviews   v60 pp 147-174
Scott R G, Benn K  2002 - Emplacement of Sulfide deposits in the Copper Cliff Offset Dike during collapse of the Sudbury crater rim: evidence from magnetic fabric studies: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1447-1458
Song, X., Wang, Y. and Chen, L.,  2011 - Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in magma plumbing systems: Features, formation and exploration: in    Geoscience Frontiers   v.2, pp. 375-384.
Szentpeteri K, Watkinson D H, Molnar F, Jones P C  2002 - Platinum-Group-Elements-Co-Ni-Fe Sulfarsenides and mineral paragenesis in Cu-Ni-Platinum-Group Element deposits, Copper Cliff North area, Sudbury, Canada: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1459-1470
Therriault A M, Fowler A D, Grieve R A F  2002 - The Sudbury Igneous Complex: a differentiated impact melt sheet: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1521-1540
Tuchscherer M G, Spray J G  2002 - Geology, mineralization and emplacement of the Foy Offset Dike, Sudbury Impact Structure: in    Econ. Geol.   v97 pp 1377-1397
Wang, Y., Lesher, C.M., Lightfoot, P.C., Pattison, E.F. and Golightly, J.P.,  2022 - Genesis of Sublayer, Footwall Breccia, and Associated Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element Mineralization in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: in    Econ. Geol.   v.117, pp. 1791-1807. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4948.
Wustemann, T., Gollner, P., Lightfoot, P.C. and Riller, U.,  2019 - Genetic Relationship Between Postcratering Dynamics and Footwall Deposit Formation at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Importance for Sulfide Ore Exploration : in    Econ. Geol.   v.114, pp. 599-612.


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